我国生态旅游中生态税收之体系建构

本文在文献资料搜集和实地调查的基础上探讨了我国生态旅游中的生态税收问题.从生态旅游的概念及其发展入手,提出了较完整的生态旅游定义,并分析了生态旅游的理论体系.生态旅游中的生态税收应当.为我国生态旅游业开发战略服务,保护和改善生态环境应当作为旅游中税收政策选择的切入点,本文正是基于这一点来探讨生态税收的体系建构问题.     

Analysing Tax–Benefit Reforms Using Non‐Parametric Methods*

Static tax–benefit microsimulation models (MSMs) are widely used and well‐regarded tools for public policy analysis, but it is essential to use them very carefully. This paper focuses on the analysis of MSM output, suggesting the use of non‐parametric methods as a useful, informative and relatively straightforward complement to detect effects not always captured by measures often used to present MSM results. Non‐parametric methods are used here to analyse the output of an MSM applied to the 1998 Italian personal income tax reform, the main change in which concerned the tax schedule: the first tax rate was increased from 10 per cent to 18.5 per cent and the top one was reduced by 4.5 percentage points. Non‐parametric methods highlight that the effects of this reform were very different for different types of households, with low‐income pensioner households among the main losers. Results are checked for robustness by standard statistical methods and compared with empirical results obtainable using quintile histograms.     

The Business Values Scorecard within BAE Systems: The evolution of a performance measurement system

This paper explores the evolution of a performance measurement system in BAE Systems, a UK aerospace company. In 1994, the company embarked on a culture change project, which focused the organisation on five key values: performance, people, customers, partnerships, and innovation and technology. Tracing the mechanisms used to implement these values through the culture change project, the study describes the introduction of the “Business Values Scorecard” (BVS), which provided a way of translating the five key values into a coherent set of performance measures. The paper contrasts the BVS in BAE Systems with the balanced scorecard (BSC) of Kaplan and Norton, emphasising the importance of “coherence”, rather than cause-and-effect relationships. Furthermore, the BVS was not simply designed and then implemented; instead it evolved over an extended period of time. Finally, while it reflected the strategic vision of senior managers, the BVS was used as a tool to enable strategy to emerge from within the organisation, rather than as a mechanism for cascading down the hierarchy the strategy previously established by top-level managers. However, although the profitability of the company increased significantly over the period of the culture change project, many other things were also changing; consequently, it is not possible to isolate the effects on profits of introducing the BVS. Nevertheless, the belief within BAE Systems is that the BVS has made an important contribution to the recent success of the company.     

企业集团合并纳税：比较及启示

我国的合并纳税制度目前只针对特批企业,这不利于企业集团之间公平竞争。对企业集团合并纳税范围及不同国家合并纳税模式的比较与分析表明:我国应进一步完善所得税法等法律法规,保证税收公平,积极建设我国的"集团纳税制度"。     

论税收立法权纵向划分的基本思路

目前我国税收立法权纵向划分存在着缺乏稳定的规则、行政性特征明显、税收立法权过度集中于中央、地方隐性税收立法严重等突出问题.我国税收立法权纵向划分改革的基本思路是:在宪政的基础上通过法律的方式建立适合我国国情的分税制公共财政体制;在此框架下结合分税制其他配套制度的完善将税收立法权总体上集中于中央;赋予地方必要的税收立法权,并对其进行制约与监督.     

论促进经济可持续发展的税收调控机制

可持续发展战略的提出虽然有了较长一段时期,但税收在可持续发展中的功能并没有引起人们足够重视。在可持续发展战略中,税收政策应该发挥其应有的重要作用。有必要调整并完善现有税收制度政策,以调节和影响市场主体的行为,调动各经济主体的积极性,激励他们走可持续发展的道路。     

Brighter prospects? Assessing the franchise advantage using census data

This paper uses Census microdata to examine how starting a business as a franchise rather than an independent business affects its survival and growth prospects. We assess factors that influence the decision to become a franchisee and use various empirical approaches to correct for selection bias in our performance analyses. We find that franchised businesses on average exhibit higher survival rates than independent businesses; but importantly, the difference is small compared with claims in the trade press. The effect is also short lived: conditional on surviving a year or two, we no longer find survival (or growth) differences. We then explore two potential sources for this small survival advantage, namely franchisors’ screening process and the benefits arising from the brand and business know‐how provided by franchisors. We find evidence that both of the sources contribute to the franchising advantage.     

Optimizing the credit term decisions in supply chain finance

We study a credit term determination problem in the context of a supplier-buyer supply chain. The supplier's credit term decision is simultaneously made with its production and inventory decisions, and most importantly, it is impacted by the buyer's order quantity. We present a new game-theoretic framework to model this problem, which captures the interaction between the supplier's credit term decision and the buyer's order decision in a multi-period setting. An exact method based on nonlinear programming is implemented to obtain the optimal solutions. We apply our methodologies on a real world case. The computational results show that our approach significantly outperforms the heuristics with fixed credit terms, and either a short or a long credit term can be sub-optimal for the supplier in profitability. Our work offers the first data-driven model and solution approach that assists purchasing and supply managers to make optimal dynamic credit term decision in conjunction with production, ordering and inventory decisions in a game-theoretic setting.     

Carbon taxes and the double dividend hypothesis in a recursive-dynamic CGE model for Spain

A carbon tax is potentially a policy that can reduce CO₂ emissions and mitigate climate risks, at lowest economy-wide costs. We develop a dynamic CGE model for Spain to assess the economic and environmental effects of a carbon tax, and test the double dividend (DD) hypothesis. We simulate the impact of three carbon taxes: €10, €20 and €30 per ton of CO₂. For each tax, four ‘revenue recycling’ scenarios are examined: a reduction of taxes on capital, on labor, on value-added tax, and a scenario in which revenues are not recycled. We find a DD for taxes of €10/ton and lower, within five to seven years of implementation. We estimate an annual CO₂ emissions reduction of around 10% with this tax. Under some circumstances, the DD can be achieved for a tax of €20/ton. In any case, recycling revenues to cut pre-existing taxes reduces costs of imposing carbon taxes.     

科学认识纳税策划 积极防范农机企业风险

纳税筹划是农机企业普遍关注,也是企业管理中认识误区最多、风险管理最为薄弱的环节。文章深入剖析纳税筹划的科学内涵,立足农机企业发展需要,对农机企业纳税筹划从策划到实施、评价全过程存在的主要误区,提出农机企业在实施纳税筹划过程中应当采取的措施。